The Data and Process Modeling Can Include Site Visits Interviews Document Review and Sampling

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Research Design and Methodology

Submitted: January 23rd, 2019 Reviewed: March 8th, 2019 Published: August 7th, 2019

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.85731

From the Edited Volume

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Edited by Evon Abu-Taieh, Abdelkrim El Mouatasim and Issam H. Al Hadid

Abstract

In that location are a number of approaches used in this research method design. The purpose of this chapter is to pattern the methodology of the research approach through mixed types of research techniques. The research approach also supports the researcher on how to come up across the research result findings. In this affiliate, the general design of the research and the methods used for information drove are explained in detail. It includes iii principal parts. The first part gives a highlight about the dissertation design. The 2d part discusses almost qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. The concluding part illustrates the full general inquiry framework. The purpose of this section is to indicate how the research was conducted throughout the report periods.

Keywords

research blueprint
methodology
sampling
data sources
population
workplace

Kassu Jilcha Sileyew*
- School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Addis Ababa Plant of Technology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

*Address all correspondence to: jkassu@gmail.com

ane. Introduction

Research methodology is the path through which researchers need to bear their enquiry. It shows the path through which these researchers formulate their problem and objective and present their result from the data obtained during the written report period. This research design and methodology chapter also shows how the research outcome at the end will be obtained in line with coming together the objective of the study. This affiliate hence discusses the enquiry methods that were used during the research process. It includes the research methodology of the study from the research strategy to the result dissemination. For emphasis, in this chapter, the author outlines the enquiry strategy, research pattern, research methodology, the study expanse, data sources such as chief data sources and secondary data, population consideration and sample size determination such every bit questionnaires sample size determination and workplace site exposure measurement sample determination, data collection methods like primary data drove methods including workplace site ascertainment data drove and data collection through desk review, data drove through questionnaires, data obtained from experts stance, workplace site exposure measurement, information drove tools pretest, secondary data collection methods, methods of information analysis used such as quantitative data analysis and qualitative information analysis, data analysis software, the reliability and validity analysis of the quantitative data, reliability of data, reliability assay, validity, information quality management, inclusion criteria, upstanding consideration and broadcasting of result and its utilization approaches. In club to satisfy the objectives of the study, a qualitative and quantitative research method is apprehended in general. The study used these mixed strategies because the data were obtained from all aspects of the data source during the report time. Therefore, the purpose of this methodology is to satisfy the research plan and target devised by the researcher.

two. Research design

The research blueprint is intended to provide an appropriate framework for a study. A very meaning decision in research blueprint procedure is the choice to be fabricated regarding inquiry approach since information technology determines how relevant data for a study will be obtained; withal, the enquiry design process involves many interrelated decisions [ane].

This written report employed a mixed type of methods. The first function of the report consisted of a serial of well-structured questionnaires (for management, employee's representatives, and technician of industries) and semi-structured interviews with central stakeholders (government bodies, ministries, and industries) in participating organizations. The other pattern used is an interview of employees to know how they feel nearly safety and health of their workplace, and field observation at the selected industrial sites was undertaken.

Hence, this study employs a descriptive research pattern to agree on the effects of occupational safe and health management system on employee health, safety, and belongings damage for selected manufacturing industries. Saunders et al. [2] and Miller [3] say that descriptive research portrays an authentic contour of persons, events, or situations. This pattern offers to the researchers a profile of described relevant aspects of the phenomena of interest from an individual, organizational, and industry-oriented perspective. Therefore, this research design enabled the researchers to gather data from a wide range of respondents on the impact of rubber and health on manufacturing industries in Ethiopia. And this helped in analyzing the response obtained on how it affects the manufacturing industries' workplace safety and wellness. The research overall blueprint and flow process are depicted in Figure ane.

Figure 1.

Research methods and processes (author design).

three. Research methodology

To address the key research objectives, this enquiry used both qualitative and quantitative methods and combination of primary and secondary sources. The qualitative data supports the quantitative data analysis and results. The result obtained is triangulated since the researcher utilized the qualitative and quantitative data types in the information analysis. The study surface area, data sources, and sampling techniques were discussed under this section.

three.1 The written report surface area

According to Fraenkel and Warren [4] studies, population refers to the consummate set of individuals (subjects or events) having common characteristics in which the researcher is interested. The population of the written report was determined based on random sampling organization. This information collection was conducted from March 07, 2015 to December 10, 2016, from selected manufacturing industries establish in Addis Ababa city and around. The manufacturing companies were selected based on their employee number, established year, and the potential accidents prevailing and the manufacturing industry type fifty-fifty though all criterions were difficult to satisfy.

3.2 Data sources

iii.two.i Chief data sources

It was obtained from the original source of information. The primary data were more reliable and have more conviction level of controlling with the trusted assay having direct intact with occurrence of the events. The primary information sources are industries' working environment (through observation, pictures, and photo) and industry employees (management and bottom workers) (interview, questionnaires and discussions).

three.two.two Secondary information

Desk review has been conducted to collect data from various secondary sources. This includes reports and project documents at each manufacturing sectors (more on medium and big level). Secondary information sources accept been obtained from literatures regarding OSH, and the remaining data were from the companies' manuals, reports, and some management documents which were included under the desk review. Reputable journals, books, different articles, periodicals, proceedings, magazines, newsletters, newspapers, websites, and other sources were considered on the manufacturing industrial sectors. The data as well obtained from the existing working documents, manuals, procedures, reports, statistical data, policies, regulations, and standards were taken into business relationship for the review.

In general, for this enquiry study, the desk review has been completed to this end, and information technology had been polished and modified upon manuals and documents obtained from the selected companies.

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4. Population and sample size

4.1 Population

The study population consisted of manufacturing industries' employees in Addis Ababa metropolis and around every bit in that location are more representative manufacturing industrial clusters found. To select representative manufacturing industrial sector population, the types of the industries expected were more potential to accidents based on random and purposive sampling considered. The population of data was from textile, leather, metal, chemicals, and food manufacturing industries. A total of 189 sample sizes of industries responded to the questionnaire survey from the priority areas of the government. Random sample sizes and disproportionate methods were used, and 80 from woods, metal, and iron works; 30 from food, beverage, and tobacco products; 50 from leather, textile, and garments; 20 from chemic and chemical products; and ix from other remaining ix clusters of manufacturing industries responded.

four.ii Questionnaire sample size conclusion

A simple random sampling and purposive sampling methods were used to select the representative manufacturing industries and respondents for the study. The simple random sampling ensures that each member of the population has an equal take chances for the selection or the chance of getting a response which can be more than equal to the run a risk depending on the data analysis justification. Sample size determination procedure was used to get optimum and reasonable information. In this report, both probability (simple random sampling) and nonprobability (convenience, quota, purposive, and judgmental) sampling methods were used as the nature of the industries are varied. This is because of the characteristics of data sources which permitted the researchers to follow the multi-methods. This helps the assay to triangulate the data obtained and increase the reliability of the research result and its decision. The companies' establishment fourth dimension and its engagement in performance, the number of employees and the proportion it has, the owner types (regime and individual), blazon of manufacturing industry/product, types of resource used at work, and the location information technology is plant in the city and around were some of the criteria for the selections.

The determination of the sample size was adopted from Daniel [5] and Cochran [vi] formula. The formula used was for unknown population size Eq. (one) and is given as

where northward = sample size, Z = statistic for a level of confidence, P = expected prevalence or proportion (in proportion of 1; if 50%, P = 0.5), and d = precision (in proportion of one; if vi%, d = 0.06). Z statistic ( Z ): for the level of conviction of 95%, which is conventional, Z value is 1.96. In this study, investigators nowadays their results with 95% confidence intervals (CI).

The expected sample number was 267 at the marginal error of 6% for 95% confidence interval of manufacturing industries. Even so, the collected data indicated that but 189 populations were used for the analysis after rejecting some information having more missing values in the responses from the industries. Hence, the bodily data collection resulted in 71% response charge per unit. The 267 population were causeless to be satisfactory and representative for the data analysis.

iv.iii Workplace site exposure measurement sample determination

The sample size for the experimental exposure measurements of concrete work environs has been considered based on the physical data prepared for questionnaires and respondents. The response of positive were considered for exposure measurement factors to be considered for the physical environment health and illness causing such equally noise intensity, light intensity, pressure/stress, vibration, temperature/coldness, or hotness and grit particles on twenty workplace sites. The option method was using random sampling in line with purposive method. The measurement of the exposure factors was washed in collaboration with Addis Ababa city Administration and Oromia Bureau of Labour and Social Affair (AACBOLSA). Some measuring instruments were obtained from the Addis Ababa city and Oromia Bureau of Labour and Social Thing.

5. Data drove methods

Data drove methods were focused on the followings bones techniques. These included secondary and principal data collections focusing on both qualitative and quantitative data every bit defined in the previous department. The data collection mechanisms are devised and prepared with their proper procedures.

5.1 Primary data collection methods

Main data sources are qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative sources are field observation, interview, and breezy discussions, while that of quantitative data sources are survey questionnaires and interview questions. The side by side sections elaborate how the information were obtained from the primary sources.

5.1.1 Workplace site observation data drove

Ascertainment is an important aspect of scientific discipline. Ascertainment is tightly connected to information collection, and there are different sources for this: documentation, archival records, interviews, direct observations, and participant observations. Observational research findings are considered stiff in validity because the researcher is able to collect a depth of information virtually a particular behavior. In this dissertation, the researchers used observation method equally i tool for collecting information and data before questionnaire pattern and after the start of inquiry besides. The researcher fabricated more than than xx specific observations of manufacturing industries in the written report areas. During the observations, it found a deeper agreement of the working environment and the different sections in the production system and OSH practices.

5.i.2 Data collection through interview

Interview is a loosely structured qualitative in-depth interview with people who are considered to be particularly knowledgeable well-nigh the topic of interest. The semi-structured interview is usually conducted in a contiguous setting which permits the researcher to seek new insights, ask questions, and appraise phenomena in different perspectives. It let the researcher to know the in-depth of the present working environment influential factors and consequences. It has provided opportunities for refining data collection efforts and examining specialized systems or processes. Information technology was used when the researcher faces written records or published document limitation or wanted to triangulate the data obtained from other primary and secondary data sources.

This dissertation is besides conducted with a qualitative approach and conducting interviews. The advantage of using interviews as a method is that it allows respondents to raise issues that the interviewer may non have expected. All interviews with employees, management, and technicians were conducted by the respective researcher, on a face-to-face basis at workplace. All interviews were recorded and transcribed.

v.1.3 Data drove through questionnaires

The main tool for gaining principal information in practical inquiry is questionnaires, due to the fact that the researcher tin can make up one's mind on the sample and the types of questions to exist asked [2].

In this dissertation, each respondent is requested to reply to an identical list of questions mixed so that biasness was prevented. Initially the questionnaire design was coded and mixed upwardly from specific topic based on uniform structures. Consequently, the questionnaire produced valuable data which was required to achieve the dissertation objectives.

The questionnaires adult were based on a five-item Likert calibration. Responses were given to each argument using a v-point Likert-type scale, for which one = "strongly disagree" to 5 = "strongly concur." The responses were summed up to produce a score for the measures.

5.i.4 Data obtained from experts' opinion

The data was likewise obtained from the expert's opinion related to the comparison of the cognition, management, collaboration, and engineering utilization including their sub-factors. The data obtained in this fashion was used for prioritization and decision-making of OSH, improving cistron priority. The prioritization of the factors was using Saaty scales (1–9) and and then converting to Fuzzy gear up values obtained from previous researches using triangular fuzzy set [7].

5.1.5 Workplace site exposure measurement

The researcher has measured the workplace environment for grit, vibration, rut, pressure level, light, and noise to know how much is the level of each variable. The primary information sources planned and an actual coverage has been compared as shown in Table 1.

Tabular array 1.

Planned versus bodily coverage of the survey.

The response charge per unit for the proposed data source was skilful, and the pilot exam as well proved the reliability of questionnaires. Interview/discussion resulted in 87% of responses among the respondents; the survey questionnaire response rate obtained was 71%, and the field observation response rate was 90% for the whole data analysis process. Hence, the data arrangement quality level has not been compromised.

This response rate is considered to be representative of studies of organizations. As the study agrees on the response charge per unit to be 30%, information technology is considered acceptable [8]. Saunders et al. [2] argued that the questionnaire with a scale response of 20% response rate is adequate. Low response rate should non discourage the researchers, considering a swell deal of published inquiry work also achieves low response rate. Hence, the response rate of this report is acceptable and very good for the purpose of coming together the study objectives.

5.1.6 Data drove tool pretest

The pretest for questionnaires, interviews, and tools were conducted to validate that the tool content is valid or not in the sense of the respondents' understanding. Hence, content validity (in which the questions are answered to the target without excluding important points), internal validity (in which the questions raised answer the outcomes of researchers' target), and external validity (in which the issue tin can generalize to all the population from the survey sample population) were reflected. It has been proved with this airplane pilot test prior to the beginning of the basic data collections. Post-obit feedback process, a few minor changes were made to the originally designed data collect tools. The pilot examination fabricated for the questionnaire examination was on x sample sizes selected randomly from the target sectors and experts.

5.two Secondary data collection methods

The secondary information refers to information that was nerveless past someone other than the user. This data source gives insights of the research area of the current state-of-the-fine art method. It also makes some sort of inquiry gap that needs to be filled by the researcher. This secondary information sources could be internal and external data sources of data that may embrace a wide range of areas.

Literature/desk-bound review and industry documents and reports: To achieve the dissertation's objectives, the researcher has conducted excessive document review and reports of the companies in both online and offline modes. From a methodological point of view, literature reviews can be comprehended every bit content analysis, where quantitative and qualitative aspects are mixed to assess structural (descriptive) also as content criteria.

A literature search was conducted using the database sources similar MEDLINE; Emerald; Taylor and Francis publications; EMBASE (medical literature); PsycINFO (psychological literature); Sociological Abstracts (sociological literature); accident prevention journals; US Statistics of Labor, European Safety and Wellness database; ABI Inform; Business Source Premier (business/management literature); EconLit (economic literature); Social Service Abstracts (social work and social service literature); and other related materials. The search strategy was focused on manufactures or reports that measure 1 or more of the dimensions within the inquiry OSH model framework. This search strategy was based on a framework and measurement filter strategy developed by the Consensus-Based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) group. Based on screening, unrelated articles to the inquiry model and objectives were excluded. Prior to screening, researcher (master investigator) reviewed a sample of more than 2000 manufactures, websites, reports, and guidelines to decide whether they should exist included for farther review or reject. Discrepancies were thoroughly identified and resolved before the review of the main group of more than than 300 articles commenced. Afterwards excluding the articles based on the title, keywords, and abstruse, the remaining articles were reviewed in detail, and the data was extracted on the musical instrument that was used to assess the dimension of inquiry involvement. A complete list of items was so collated inside each research targets or objectives and reviewed to identify whatever missing elements.

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6. Methods of data analysis

Information analysis method follows the procedures listed nether the post-obit sections. The data analysis part answered the basic questions raised in the problem statement. The detailed analysis of the developed and developing countries' experiences on OSH regarding manufacturing industries was analyzed, discussed, compared and contrasted, and synthesized.

half-dozen.1 Quantitative data assay

Quantitative information were obtained from primary and secondary data discussed above in this chapter. This information analysis was based on their data type using Excel, SPSS 20.0, Office Word format, and other tools. This data analysis focuses on numerical/quantitative data analysis.

Before assay, data coding of responses and analysis were made. In guild to clarify the information obtained easily, the data were coded to SPSS 20.0 software as the data obtained from questionnaires. This task involved identifying, classifying, and assigning a numeric or graphic symbol symbol to data, which was done in merely one mode pre-coded [9, 10]. In this study, all of the responses were pre-coded. They were taken from the listing of responses, a number of corresponding to a particular selection was given. This process was applied to every earlier question that needed this treatment. Upon completion, the data were so entered to a statistical analysis software bundle, SPSS version 20.0 on Windows 10 for the next steps.

Under the data analysis, exploration of data has been fabricated with descriptive statistics and graphical analysis. The analysis included exploring the relationship between variables and comparison groups how they affect each other. This has been done using cross tabulation/chi square, correlation, and cistron analysis and using nonparametric statistic.

6.two Qualitative data analysis

Qualitative data analysis used for triangulation of the quantitative information assay. The interview, observation, and report records were used to back up the findings. The analysis has been incorporated with the quantitative discussion results in the data assay parts.

6.3 Information analysis software

The data were entered using SPSS xx.0 on Windows x and analyzed. The assay supported with SPSS software much contributed to the finding. It had contributed to the data validation and definiteness of the SPSS results. The software analyzed and compared the results of dissimilar variables used in the enquiry questionnaires. Excel is likewise used to depict the pictures and calculate some analytical solutions.

7. The reliability and validity analysis of the quantitative data

seven.1 Reliability of information

The reliability of measurements specifies the amount to which information technology is without bias (fault free) and hence ensures consistent measurement across time and across the various items in the instrument [8]. In reliability analysis, it has been checked for the stability and consistency of the data. In the example of reliability assay, the researcher checked the accurateness and precision of the procedure of measurement. Reliability has numerous definitions and approaches, but in several environments, the concept comes to be consistent [eight]. The measurement fulfills the requirements of reliability when it produces consistent results during information analysis procedure. The reliability is adamant through Cranach'southward alpha every bit shown in Table 2.

Tabular array two.

Internal consistency and reliability test of questionnaires items.

K stands for knowledge; K, direction; T, technology; C, collaboration; P, policy, standards, and regulation; H, hazards and blow atmospheric condition; PPE, personal protective equipment.

seven.2 Reliability analysis

Cronbach'due south alpha is a measure out of internal consistency, i.e., how closely related a set of items are as a group [eleven]. Information technology is considered to be a measure of scale reliability. The reliability of internal consistency most of the time is measured based on the Cronbach's blastoff value. Reliability coefficient of 0.70 and above is considered "acceptable" in about research situations [12]. In this study, reliability analysis for internal consistency of Likert-calibration measurement after deleting 13 items was establish similar; the reliability coefficients were found for 76 items were 0.964 and for the individual groupings made shown in Table 2. Information technology was also found internally consequent using the Cronbach's alpha examination. Table 2 shows the internal consistency of the seven major instruments in which their reliability falls in the acceptable range for this research.

seven.3 Validity

Face validity used as defined by Babbie [13] is an indicator that makes it seem a reasonable measure of some variables, and it is the subjective judgment that the instrument measures what it intends to measure out in terms of relevance [14]. Thus, the researcher ensured, in this study, when developing the instruments that uncertainties were eliminated by using appropriate words and concepts in gild to raise clarity and general suitability [14]. Furthermore, the researcher submitted the instruments to the enquiry supervisor and the articulation supervisor who are both occupational health experts, to ensure validity of the measuring instruments and determine whether the instruments could exist considered valid on face value.

In this study, the researcher was guided by reviewed literature related to compliance with the occupational health and safety conditions and data collection methods before he could develop the measuring instruments. In addition, the pretest study that was conducted prior to the main study assisted the researcher to avoid uncertainties of the contents in the information collection measuring instruments. A thorough inspection of the measuring instruments by the statistician and the researcher's supervisor and joint experts, to ensure that all concepts pertaining to the written report were included, ensured that the instruments were enriched.

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eight. Data quality management

Insight has been given to the data collectors on how to arroyo companies, and many of the questionnaires were distributed through MSc students at Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAiT) and manufacturing industries' experience experts. This made the data quality reliable as it has been continually discussed with them. Pretesting for questionnaire was done on 10 workers to assure the quality of the data and for improvement of information collection tools. Supervision during data collection was done to understand how the information collectors are handling the questionnaire, and each filled questionnaires was checked for its completeness, accurateness, clarity, and consistency on a daily footing either contiguous or past phone/electronic mail. The data expected in poor quality were rejected out of the acting during the screening time. Among planned 267 questionnaires, 189 were responded back. Finally, it was analyzed by the master investigator.

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9. Inclusion criteria

The data were collected from the company representative with the knowledge of OSH. Articles written in English and Amharic were included in this report. Database information obtained in relation to articles and those who accept OSH surface area such as interventions method, method of accident identification, impact of occupational accidents, types of occupational injuries/disease, and impact of occupational accidents, and illness on productivity and costs of visitor and have used at to the lowest degree one grade of feedback mechanism. No specific time period was chosen in order to admission all available published papers. The questionnaire statements which are similar in the questionnaire have been rejected from the data analysis.

ten. Ethical consideration

Ethical clearance was obtained from the Schoolhouse of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Found of Technology, Addis Ababa University. Official messages were written from the Schoolhouse of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering science to the corresponding manufacturing industries. The purpose of the study was explained to the study subjects. The study subjects were told that the data they provided was kept confidential and that their identities would non exist revealed in clan with the information they provided. Informed consent was secured from each participant. For bad working environment assessment findings, feedback volition exist given to all manufacturing industries involved in the study. There is a plan to requite a copy of the result to the respective study manufacturing industries' and ministries' offices. The respondents' privacy and their responses were not individually analyzed and included in the report.

11. Broadcasting and utilization of the result

The result of this study volition be presented to the Addis Ababa University, AAiT, School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering. It will also exist communicated to the Ethiopian manufacturing industries, Ministry building of Labor and Social Affair, Ministry of Industry, and Ministry building of Health from where the data was collected. The effect volition also be availed by publication and online presentation in Google Scholars. To this end, about v articles were published and disseminated to the whole world.

12. Conclusion

The research methodology and design indicated overall process of the period of the enquiry for the given study. The data sources and data collection methods were used. The overall research strategies and framework are indicated in this research process from problem conception to problem validation including all the parameters. Information technology has laid some foundation and how research methodology is devised and framed for researchers. This ways, it helps researchers to consider it as one of the samples and models for the enquiry data collection and process from the beginning of the trouble statement to the research finding. Especially, this research flow helps new researchers to the inquiry environs and methodology in particular.

Conflict of involvement

At that place is no "conflict of interest."

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Kassu Jilcha Sileyew